Customizer → Assets → Sizes.

A size group is a size run with a system — alpha (S, M, L), numeric, EU, US, UK or custom — and an ordered list of sizes. Products pick their sizes from these groups on the Sizes tab; the storefront asks the customer for quantities per size.
Extra Large), a Short label (XL) and sort order. Or click Seed default sizes to fill a standard run (XS–3XL, youth, EU 36–50…).I added a size here but the product doesn't offer it. Sizes are copied to products — open the product's Sizes tab and add it there too.
Different measurements per product for the same size? Yes. Measurements are per product (Sizes tab → Measure); this page only defines the labels and order.
Mixing adult and youth on one product. Add sizes from both groups on the product; keep short labels unambiguous (YM vs M).